Machiavellian Masculinities: Historicizing and Contextualizing the “Civilizing Process” in Ancient Egypt

Abstract To judge from wisdom literature and artistic production, the ideal man in pharaonic Egypt was as polite even-tempered he well groomed. This article examines evidence for warrior burials periods when state decentralized or relatively weak argues that conceptions of manhood fact oscillated between an irenic a more violent counterpart. Drawing upon comparative case studies advice given by Niccolò Machiavelli to his prince, I argue hegemonic masculinity did not simply reflect character times. Rather, rulers actively promoted type best served their purpose. ambitious local ruler engaged enlarging core territory, it beneficial appeal encourage ideals valor among potential soldiers supporters. Once peace had been established, however, masculinities proved disruptive. Based on internal observations authoritarian governments aimed similarly solidify power pacify realms, suggest pharaohs advisors likely employed five specific strategies neutralize competitors transform honor-bound aristocracy into courtiers bureaucrats.